AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 | Structural Welding Code—Steel | Latest Edition

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Ensure compliance with the industry-leading AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 Structural Welding Code for Steel. This comprehensive guide covers essential welding requirements for steel structures, including bridges, buildings, and offshore facilities.
 
Key features:
• Latest 2020 edition with up-to-date industry standards
• Covers prequalified welding procedure specifications (WPS)
• Includes qualification requirements for welders and welding operators
• Addresses inspection criteria and nondestructive testing
• Essential for welding engineers, inspectors, and contractors Stay current with the most widely recognized welding code in the steel construction industry. Ideal for professionals ensuring structural integrity and safety in welding projects.

Product Details

Edition: 24

Published: 01/01/2020

ANSI Approved Number of Pages: 680

File Size: 1 file , 110 MB

FORMAT: Secure PDF

 


AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code—Steel - FAQ

General Overview and Scope FAQ

What is AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 is the Structural Welding Code—Steel, published by the American Welding Society (AWS). It's a comprehensive standard that provides requirements for fabricating and erecting welded steel structures. The code covers various aspects of welding, including design, procedures, qualifications, fabrication, inspection, and repair of steel structures.

What types of structures does AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 apply to?

The code applies to steel structures, including but not limited to:

  • Buildings
  • Bridges
  • Industrial facilities
  • Offshore structures
  • Storage tanks
  • Tubular structures

It's important to note that while the code covers a wide range of steel structures, it does not apply to pressure vessels, pressure piping, or steel cans.

What is the minimum steel thickness covered by AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020?

The code applies to welding of structural steel with a minimum specified yield strength of 36 ksi (250 MPa) or less, and with a thickness of 1/8 inch (3 mm) or greater. For thinner materials, users should refer to AWS D1.3/D1.3M, Structural Welding Code—Sheet Steel.

Does AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 cover all types of steel?

While the code primarily focuses on carbon and low-alloy steels, it also includes provisions for some high-strength and heat-treated steels. However, it does not cover all types of steel. For specific steel types not covered, users may need to refer to other AWS codes or standards.

What welding processes are covered by AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020?

The code covers several welding processes, including:

  • Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
  • Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
  • Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
  • Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
  • Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
  • Electroslag Welding (ESW)
  • Electrogas Welding (EGW)

Other processes may be used if they meet the qualification requirements specified in the code.

How is AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 organized?

The code is organized into several main sections:

  1. General Requirements
  2. Design of Welded Connections
  3. Prequalification of WPSs
  4. Qualification
  5. Fabrication
  6. Inspection
  7. Stud Welding
  8. Strengthening and Repairing Existing Structures

Each section provides detailed requirements and guidelines for its respective area.

Is AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 a legal requirement?

While AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 itself is not a law, it is often incorporated into building codes, contracts, and regulations. Many jurisdictions and organizations require compliance with AWS D1.1 for steel construction projects. Always check local regulations and project specifications to determine the applicable requirements.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 relate to other welding codes and standards?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 is part of a family of structural welding codes published by AWS. It often references other AWS standards and may be used in conjunction with other codes depending on the specific application. For example:

  • AWS D1.2/D1.2M for aluminum structures
  • AWS D1.3/D1.3M for sheet steel
  • AWS D1.4/D1.4M for reinforcing steel
  • AWS D1.5M/D1.5 for bridge welding
  • AWS D1.6/D1.6M for stainless steel
  • AWS D1.8/D1.8M for seismic supplement

Does AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 cover welding design?

Yes, the code includes a section on the design of welded connections. This section provides guidelines for determining the size and type of welds required for various joint configurations and loading conditions. However, it's important to note that the code is not a design specification and should be used in conjunction with applicable design standards and engineering principles.

How often is AWS D1.1/D1.1M updated?

AWS typically updates D1.1/D1.1M every 5 years. However, interim revisions or addenda may be published between major updates to address urgent issues or incorporate significant technological advancements. Users should always ensure they are referencing the most current version of the code unless otherwise specified in project documents.


Code Structure and Organization FAQ

How is AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 structured?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 is organized into eight main sections, plus annexes:

  1. General Requirements
  2. Design of Welded Connections
  3. Prequalification of WPSs (Welding Procedure Specifications)
  4. Qualification
  5. Fabrication
  6. Inspection
  7. Stud Welding
  8. Strengthening and Repairing Existing Structures

Each section is further divided into subsections and clauses for easy reference.

What does the "General Requirements" section cover?

The General Requirements section typically includes:

  • Scope of the code
  • Definitions and terminology
  • Welding symbols and their use
  • Safety considerations
  • General welding requirements applicable to all sections

This section sets the foundation for understanding and applying the rest of the code.

How is the "Design of Welded Connections" section organized?

This section usually covers:

  • General design considerations
  • Specific requirements for different types of welds (fillet, groove, etc.)
  • Design of welded joints for various loading conditions
  • Strength calculations for welds
  • Special considerations for cyclically loaded structures

It provides engineers with the necessary information to design safe and efficient welded connections

What's included in the "Prequalification of WPSs" section?

This section typically covers:

  • Conditions under which a WPS can be considered prequalified
  • Limitations of prequalified WPSs
  • Specific requirements for different welding processes
  • Prequalified base metal/filler metal combinations
  • Prequalified joint details

Prequalified WPSs can be used without further qualification testing, saving time and resources.

How is the "Qualification" section structured?

The Qualification section usually includes:

  • Performance qualification requirements for welders and welding operators
  • Procedure qualification requirements for WPSs not covered by prequalification
  • Test methods and acceptance criteria for qualification tests
  • Documentation requirements for qualifications

This section ensures that welders and welding procedures are capable of producing welds that meet the code requirements.

What does the "Fabrication" section cover?

The Fabrication section typically includes:

  • Material handling and storage requirements
  • Preparation of base materials
  • Assembly and fit-up tolerances
  • Welding environment controls
  • Welding technique requirements
  • Postweld heat treatment requirements

It provides guidance on the practical aspects of producing welded structures.

How is the "Inspection" section organized?

The Inspection section usually covers:

  • Qualification requirements for inspectors
  • Inspection and testing methods (visual, NDT, etc.)
  • Acceptance criteria for various types of discontinuities
  • Documentation and reporting requirements
  • Procedures for dealing with nonconformances

This section ensures that completed welds meet the quality requirements of the code.

What's included in the "Stud Welding" section?

The Stud Welding section typically covers:

  • Application of stud welding
  • Mechanical properties requirements for studs
  • Qualification requirements for stud welding
  • Fabrication and inspection requirements specific to stud welding

This section addresses the unique aspects of stud welding, which is commonly used in composite steel-concrete construction

How does the "Strengthening and Repairing Existing Structures" section differ from the others?

This section usually includes:

  • Assessment of existing structures
  • Design considerations for strengthening and repair
  • Special welding considerations for existing structures
  • Inspection requirements for repair welds

It addresses the unique challenges of working with existing structures, which may involve unknown materials or conditions.

How are the annexes organized in AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020?

The annexes provide supplementary information and are typically organized by topic. They may include:

Guidelines for preparing contract documents
Effective throat calculations for skewed T-joints
Local dihedral angle effect on effective throat
Bend testing requirements
Filler metal strength properties
Metric conversions

Annexes are typically informative rather than normative, meaning they provide additional guidance but are not mandatory unless specifically invoked.

How does the code handle conflicting requirements between sections?

The code typically includes a clause in the General Requirements section that addresses conflicts. Generally, when there's a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement will govern. However, users should always carefully review the context and consult with qualified professionals if there's any ambiguity.

Are all sections of AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 mandatory?

Not necessarily. While many sections are mandatory, some parts of the code may be informative or optional. The code usually clearly states when a provision is mandatory (using words like "shall" or "must") versus when it's a recommendation (using words like "should" or "may"). Additionally, contract documents or regulatory requirements may specify which parts of the code are applicable to a specific project.


Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS) FAQ

What is a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)?

A Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is a formal written document describing welding procedures, which provides direction to the welder or welding operators for making sound and quality production welds as per the code requirements. It contains all the necessary variables for welding, including but not limited to:

  • Base metal specification
  • Filler metal specification
  • Welding process
  • Joint design
  • Welding parameters (current, voltage, travel speed, etc.)
  • Preheat and interpass temperature requirements
  • Postweld heat treatment (if required)
  • Shielding gas (if applicable)

What is the difference between a prequalified WPS and a qualified WPS?

  • Prequalified WPS: These are welding procedures that have been thoroughly tested and proven over time. They meet specific requirements outlined in Section 3 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M and can be used without further qualification testing.
  • Qualified WPS: These are procedures that do not meet all the prequalification requirements and must undergo qualification testing as per Section 4 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M. This involves creating test welds and subjecting them to various mechanical tests to ensure they meet the code's requirements.

What are the advantages of using a prequalified WPS?

Using a prequalified WPS offers several advantages:

  1. Cost savings: No need for expensive qualification testing
  2. Time savings: Can be implemented immediately without waiting for test results
  3. Reliability: Based on extensive industry experience and proven performance
  4. Simplicity: Easier to implement and manage
  5. Consistency: Provides a standardized approach to common welding situations

What are the limitations of prequalified WPSs?

While prequalified WPSs are convenient, they have limitations:

  1. Limited to specific base metal/filler metal combinations
  2. Restricted to certain welding processes (SMAW, SAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW)
  3. May not cover all joint designs or welding positions
  4. Not applicable to all material thicknesses
  5. May not be suitable for specialized or critical applications
  6. Cannot be used for materials not listed in the prequalified section

How do I develop a WPS?

Developing a WPS involves the following steps:

  1. Determine if the procedure can be prequalified (refer to Section 3 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M)
  2. If not prequalified, develop a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) through testing
  3. Specify all essential variables as required by the code
  4. Document the procedure in the format specified by AWS D1.1/D1.1M
  5. Have the WPS reviewed and approved by a qualified individual (e.g., Certified Welding Inspector or Welding Engineer)
  6. Validate the WPS through production welding and inspection

What are essential variables in a WPS?

Essential variables are welding parameters that, when changed beyond the limits specified in the code, require requalification of the WPS. These may include:

  • Welding process
  • Base metal specification and grade
  • Filler metal classification
  • Welding position
  • Joint design
  • Shielding gas composition
  • Preheat and interpass temperature
  • Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) parameters
  • Electrical characteristics (current type and polarity)

The specific essential variables depend on the welding process and are detailed in AWS D1.1/D1.1M.

How often should a WPS be reviewed or updated?

While AWS D1.1/D1.1M doesn't specify a mandatory review period for WPSs, it's good practice to:

  1. Review WPSs annually
  2. Update them when there are changes in the referenced code or standards
  3. Revise them if there are persistent quality issues in production welding
  4. Modify them to incorporate improvements in welding technology or materials

Additionally, any change in essential variables requires a review and possible requalification of the WPS.

Can a WPS from one project be used on another project?

In general, a properly qualified or prequalified WPS can be used on multiple projects, provided:

  1. The new project falls within the scope and limitations of the WPS
  2. The project specifications or contract documents don't require project-specific qualification
  3. The WPS meets all requirements of the applicable code edition specified for the new project
  4. There are no client-specific requirements that conflict with the existing WPS

Always review project documents carefully to ensure compliance.

What is the role of a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) in relation to a WPS?

A Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) is a record of the welding data used to weld a test coupon and the results of tests performed on the coupon. Its role includes:

  1. Documenting the actual welding parameters used during qualification testing
  2. Recording the results of all required mechanical tests
  3. Serving as supporting documentation for one or more WPSs
  4. Demonstrating that the welding procedure can produce a weld with the required mechanical properties

A single PQR can support multiple WPSs, as long as the essential variables are within the ranges allowed by the code.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address WPSs for different welding positions?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M recognizes several welding positions and addresses them in WPSs as follows:

  1. Flat (1G, 1F)
  2. Horizontal (2G, 2F)
  3. Vertical (3G, 3F)
  4. Overhead (4G, 4F)

For prequalified WPSs, certain positions may qualify for welding in other positions. For example, a WPS qualified in the 3G position may also be used for 1G and 2G positions. The code provides specific rules for position qualifications in Section 4.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle WPSs for tack welds?

Tack welds are addressed specifically in AWS D1.1/D1.1M:

  1. Tack welds must be made using a qualified WPS or be made by a qualified welder
  2. Tack welds that will be incorporated into the final weld must meet the same quality requirements as the final weld
  3. Prequalified WPSs may be used for tack welds within their scope
  4. The code provides specific requirements for tack weld size and quality

How are WPSs handled for repairs or modifications to existing structures?

For repairs or modifications to existing structures, AWS D1.1/D1.1M provides guidance in Section 8. Key points include:

  1. The WPS must be suitable for the base metal of the existing structure
  2. Special consideration may be needed for unknown or non-standard materials
  3. Additional procedure qualification may be required for certain repair situations
  4. The WPS should address potential issues like restrained joints or heat-affected zone hardening
  5. Specific techniques like buttering or build-up may require specialized WPSs

Always consult Section 8 of the code when developing WPSs for repair or modification work.


Welder Qualification FAQ

What is welder qualification and why is it important?

Welder qualification is the process of testing a welder's ability to produce welds that meet the specified quality requirements of AWS D1.1/D1.1M. It's important because:

  1. It ensures welders have the necessary skills to produce sound welds
  2. It helps maintain quality and safety standards in welded structures
  3. It's often a legal or contractual requirement for welding projects
  4. It reduces the risk of weld failures and associated costs
  5. It provides documentation of a welder's capabilities for project records

What are the main components of welder qualification testing?

Welder qualification testing typically involves:

  1. Welding a test coupon according to a specific WPS
  2. Visual inspection of the completed weld
  3. Non-destructive testing (if required)
  4. Destructive testing (e.g., bend tests, macroetch tests)

What types of welder qualifications are covered in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M covers several types of welder qualifications:

  1. Welder qualification for groove welds
  2. Welder qualification for fillet welds
  3. Welding operator qualification for SAW, ESW, and EGW
  4. Tack welder qualification
  5. Qualification for limited thickness materials

Each type has specific requirements and limitations.

How long is a welder's qualification valid?

According to AWS D1.1/D1.1M:

  1. A welder's or welding operator's qualification remains in effect indefinitely unless:
    a) The welder has not welded with a process for a period exceeding 6 months
    b) There is a specific reason to question the welder's ability to make welds that meet the specification
  2. Employers must maintain records of each welder's qualification status
  3. Some projects or jurisdictions may require periodic requalification (e.g., annually)

What positions can a welder be qualified for?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M recognizes several welding positions:

  1. Flat (1G, 1F)
  2. Horizontal (2G, 2F)
  3. Vertical (3G, 3F)
  4. Overhead (4G, 4F)
  5. Pipe positions (5G, 6G)

Qualification in certain positions may qualify a welder for other positions. For example, qualification in the 3G position typically qualifies a welder for 1G and 2G as well.

What are the test methods used for welder qualification?

Common test methods include:

  1. Visual inspection
  2. Bend tests (face, root, and side bend)
  3. Radiographic testing (RT)
  4. Fracture tests (for fillet welds)
  5. Macroetch tests

The specific tests required depend on the type of qualification and the thickness of the test coupon.

Can a welder qualification from one project be used on another project?

Generally, yes, if:

  1. The qualification meets all requirements of the new project's specifications
  2. The qualification is still valid (hasn't expired)
  3. The welder has maintained continuity in the welding process
  4. The new project doesn't have additional or more stringent requirements

Always review project documents carefully to ensure compliance.

What documentation is required for welder qualification?

Typical documentation includes:

  1. Welder Performance Qualification Record (WPQR)
  2. Copy of the WPS used for the qualification test
  3. Test results (including destructive and non-destructive test reports)
  4. Continuity records showing the welder has maintained their qualification
  5. Welder identification (e.g., stamp number or identifier)

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address welder qualification for different welding processes?

The code provides specific requirements for each welding process, including:

  1. SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding)
  2. GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding)
  3. FCAW (Flux Cored Arc Welding)
  4. SAW (Submerged Arc Welding)
  5. GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding)

Each process may have unique requirements for essential variables and testing methods.

What are essential variables for welder qualification?

Essential variables are factors that, when changed beyond specified limits, require requalification of the welder. These may include:

  1. Welding process
  2. Welding position
  3. Material type and thickness
  4. Joint design
  5. Filler metal classification
  6. Backing (use of or change in type)
  7. Electrical characteristics (for certain processes)

The specific essential variables are detailed in AWS D1.1/D1.1M and vary by welding process.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle qualification for tack welders?

Tack welder qualification is addressed specifically:

  1. Tack welders must be qualified by a simplified test
  2. The test involves making a 1/4-inch maximum size tack weld 2 inches long
  3. The tack weld is visually inspected for cracks or other defects
  4. If acceptable, the tack is macroetched to ensure fusion to the root
  5. Qualification as a welder supersedes the need for separate tack welder qualification

What are the requirements for maintaining welder qualification?

To maintain qualification, a welder must:

  1. Use the qualified welding process at least once every 6 months
  2. Maintain records of welding activity (continuity logs)
  3. Produce welds that meet the specified quality requirements
  4. Requalify if there's a specific reason to question their ability

Employers are responsible for maintaining records of each welder's qualification status.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address welder qualification for restricted access welds?

For restricted access welds:

  1. Mockups simulating the restricted access may be required for qualification
  2. The qualification test must represent the most restrictive conditions anticipated in production
  3. Special tools or fixtures used in production must also be used in the qualification test
  4. The code provides guidelines for designing appropriate mockups

Can a welder be qualified for multiple processes with a single test?

In some cases, yes:

  1. GMAW qualification can qualify a welder for FCAW, and vice versa, under certain conditions
  2. Qualification with SMAW can qualify a welder for SAW as a welding operator
  3. However, separate qualifications are typically required for significantly different processes (e.g., SMAW and GTAW)

Always refer to the specific requirements in AWS D1.1/D1.1M for details on process crossovers.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle welder qualification for different material thicknesses?

The code provides rules for qualifying welders based on test coupon thickness:

  1. Qualification on thicker materials generally qualifies for thinner materials
  2. There are specific ranges of qualification based on the test coupon thickness
  3. For very thin materials (less than 1/8 inch), special qualifications may be required
  4. The code provides tables detailing the ranges of qualification based on test coupon thickness

Always consult the specific tables and rules in the code for accurate thickness qualification ranges.

Inspection and Testing Requirements FAQ

What are the main types of inspection and testing required by AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M requires several types of inspection and testing:

  1. Visual Inspection (VT)
  2. Nondestructive Testing (NDT), which may include:
    • Radiographic Testing (RT)
    • Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
    • Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)
    • Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)
  3. Destructive Testing (for procedure qualification)

Each type has specific requirements and acceptance criteria detailed in the code.

Who is qualified to perform welding inspections according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M specifies that inspections should be performed by:

  1. Certified Welding Inspectors (CWIs)
  2. Senior Certified Welding Inspectors (SCWIs)
  3. Individuals working under the direct supervision of CWIs or SCWIs
  4. Qualified personnel for specific NDT methods (e.g., Level II or III RT, UT technicians)

The code emphasizes the importance of inspector qualification and provides guidelines for demonstrating competence.

What are the key aspects of visual inspection in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Visual inspection is crucial and should cover:

  1. Weld size and length
  2. Weld profile and contour
  3. Undercut
  4. Overlap
  5. Crater cross section
  6. Weld placement
  7. Arc strikes
  8. Spatter
  9. Discontinuities on the weld surface

Visual inspection should be performed before, during, and after welding to ensure compliance with the code.

When is nondestructive testing (NDT) required according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

NDT requirements depend on several factors:

  1. Type of structure (statically or cyclically loaded)
  2. Criticality of the joint
  3. Contract specifications
  4. Applicable building codes

The code provides tables and guidelines for minimum NDT requirements, but project specifications may require additional testing.

What are the acceptance criteria for welds in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Acceptance criteria vary depending on the type of weld and inspection method:

  1. Visual inspection criteria include limits on undercut, porosity, and other visible discontinuities
  2. RT acceptance criteria are based on the type and size of indications visible in radiographs
  3. UT acceptance criteria depend on the reflector size and location within the weld
  4. MT and PT criteria are based on the size and type of indications detected

Specific acceptance criteria are detailed in tables and clauses within the code.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the inspection of tack welds?

Tack welds are subject to specific inspection requirements:

  1. They must be visually inspected
  2. Cracked tack welds must be removed
  3. Tack welds that will be incorporated into the final weld must meet the same quality requirements as the final weld
  4. The code provides guidance on the size and quality of tack welds

What are the requirements for documenting inspection and testing results?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M requires thorough documentation, including:

  1. Inspection reports detailing the type and extent of examinations performed
  2. NDT reports with specific information about the testing method, results, and acceptance criteria
  3. Records of any repairs or rework performed
  4. Retention of reports for a specified period (often determined by contract or regulatory requirements)

The code provides guidance on the minimum information to be included in these reports.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle the inspection of repairs?

For weld repairs, the code specifies:

  1. All repaired areas must be re-inspected using the same methods as the original inspection
  2. The extent of the repair must be documented
  3. For cyclically loaded structures, additional NDT may be required in the area adjacent to the repair
  4. Multiple repairs in the same area may require engineering review

What are the specific requirements for radiographic testing (RT) in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

RT requirements include:

  1. Specific techniques for different joint configurations and thicknesses
  2. Requirements for radiographic quality (e.g., density, sensitivity)
  3. Detailed acceptance criteria for various types of discontinuities
  4. Guidelines for the placement of location markers and identification
  5. Requirements for the retention and storage of radiographs

The code provides extensive tables and figures to guide proper RT procedures and interpretation.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address ultrasonic testing (UT) requirements?

UT requirements in the code include:

  1. Calibration procedures for UT equipment
  2. Scanning patterns and techniques for different joint configurations
  3. Acceptance criteria based on reflector size and location
  4. Procedures for sizing and evaluating discontinuities
  5. Documentation requirements for UT inspections

The code provides detailed procedures and acceptance criteria for UT inspections.

What are the inspection requirements for dynamically loaded structures?

: For dynamically loaded structures, AWS D1.1/D1.1M typically requires:

  1. More stringent acceptance criteria for discontinuities
  2. Increased extent of NDT, often 100% of certain critical joints
  3. Special attention to fatigue-sensitive details
  4. Consideration of cyclic loading in the evaluation of discontinuities

The specific requirements depend on the type of structure and loading conditions.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of alternative or advanced NDT methods?

While the code primarily focuses on traditional NDT methods, it allows for the use of alternative or advanced methods:

  1. The alternative method must be demonstrated to be equivalent or superior to the specified method
  2. A written procedure for the alternative method must be developed and qualified
  3. Personnel using the alternative method must be properly trained and qualified
  4. Acceptance criteria for the alternative method must be established and documented

The use of alternative methods typically requires approval from the engineer or authority having jurisdiction.

What are the requirements for the calibration of inspection and testing equipment?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M emphasizes the importance of properly calibrated equipment:

  1. All inspection and testing equipment must be calibrated at prescribed intervals
  2. Calibration must be traceable to national or international standards
  3. Records of calibration must be maintained and available for review
  4. Equipment found to be out of calibration requires an evaluation of all inspections performed since the last valid calibration

The code provides specific calibration requirements for different types of equipment.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the inspection of welded joints with backing?

For joints welded with backing, the code specifies:

  1. Special attention to ensure complete fusion at the root
  2. Specific RT techniques to properly image the root area
  3. UT procedures designed to detect lack of fusion at the backing
  4. Requirements for the removal of backing in certain cases, with subsequent inspection of the root

The code provides guidance on the proper inspection techniques for various backing configurations.

What are the requirements for the timing of inspections in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

The code addresses the timing of inspections:

  1. Visual inspection should be performed before, during, and after welding
  2. NDT is typically performed after the weld has cooled to ambient temperature
  3. For multi-layer welds, intermediate layer inspection may be required
  4. Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) may affect the timing of final inspections
  5. The code provides guidance on the minimum wait time before performing NDT after welding

The specific timing requirements may vary based on the type of inspection and the nature of the welded joint.


Materials and Design Considerations FAQ

What types of materials does AWS D1.1/D1.1M cover?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M primarily covers carbon and low-alloy steels. Specifically:

  1. Carbon steels with specified minimum yield strengths up to 100 ksi (690 MPa)
  2. Low-alloy steels with specified minimum yield strengths up to 100 ksi (690 MPa)
  3. Some high-strength and heat-treated steels (with specific provisions)
  4. The code does not cover stainless steels, aluminum, or other non-ferrous metals

What are the minimum material thickness requirements in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

The code applies to materials with a minimum thickness of 1/8 inch (3 mm) for:

  1. General structural applications
  2. Tubular structures
  3. Sheet steel applications are covered in AWS D1.3/D1.3M

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of high-strength steels?

For high-strength steels (yield strength over 50 ksi or 345 MPa):

  1. Special welding procedures may be required
  2. Preheating and interpass temperature control are often necessary
  3. Post-weld heat treatment may be specified
  4. Additional testing may be required for procedure qualification
  5. The code provides specific guidance for steels up to 100 ksi (690 MPa) yield strength

What factors should be considered when selecting materials for welded structures?

Key considerations include:

  1. Strength requirements (yield and tensile strength)
  2. Toughness requirements (especially for low-temperature service)
  3. Weldability of the material
  4. Service conditions (temperature, corrosive environment, etc.)
  5. Fatigue resistance for cyclically loaded structures
  6. Cost and availability of the material
  7. Compatibility with filler metals

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the issue of material toughness?

The code addresses toughness through:

  1. Specifying minimum Charpy V-notch requirements for certain applications
  2. Providing guidance on material selection for low-temperature service
  3. Addressing the need for additional toughness testing in procedure qualification for critical applications
  4. Considering the effects of welding processes on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) toughness

What are the key design considerations for welded joints in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Important design considerations include:

  1. Joint type (butt, fillet, T-joint, etc.)
  2. Weld type (groove, fillet, plug, slot)
  3. Loading conditions (static, cyclic, impact)
  4. Stress distribution in the joint
  5. Accessibility for welding and inspection
  6. Distortion control
  7. Fatigue considerations for cyclically loaded structures
  8. Environmental factors (temperature, corrosion)

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the design of welded connections for cyclic loading?

For cyclically loaded structures, the code:

  1. Provides fatigue design provisions in Chapter 2
  2. Classifies joint details into fatigue categories
  3. Specifies allowable stress ranges based on the number of cycles
  4. Addresses the importance of smooth transitions and stress concentrations
  5. Provides guidance on improving fatigue performance through design and fabrication techniques

What are the requirements for filler metal selection in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Filler metal selection criteria include:

  1. Matching the strength of the base metal
  2. Compatibility with the base metal composition
  3. Suitability for the welding process and position
  4. Meeting any specified toughness requirements
  5. Consideration of service conditions (temperature, corrosive environment)
  6. The code provides tables for matching filler metals to base metals

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the issue of residual stresses in welded structures?

The code addresses residual stresses through:

  1. Providing guidance on joint design to minimize residual stresses
  2. Specifying preheat and interpass temperature requirements
  3. Addressing post-weld heat treatment when necessary
  4. Considering the effects of restraint in joint design
  5. Providing guidelines for distortion control

What are the key considerations for designing tubular structures according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

For tubular structures, the code addresses:

  1. Specific joint designs for tubular connections
  2. Stress analysis methods for tubular joints
  3. Fatigue considerations unique to tubular structures
  4. Inspection requirements specific to tubular joints
  5. Material selection considerations for tubular applications

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle the design of partial joint penetration groove welds?

For partial joint penetration groove welds, the code:

  1. Provides guidelines for determining the effective throat
  2. Specifies strength calculations based on the effective throat
  3. Addresses the limitations of these welds in certain applications
  4. Provides guidance on inspection requirements
  5. Considers fatigue performance in cyclically loaded structures

What guidance does AWS D1.1/D1.1M provide for designing connections to resist lamellar tearing?

To address lamellar tearing, the code:

  1. Recommends joint designs that minimize through-thickness stresses
  2. Suggests the use of materials with improved through-thickness properties when necessary
  3. Provides guidance on welding procedures to minimize the risk of lamellar tearing
  4. Addresses the importance of proper fit-up and weld sequencing
  5. Recommends ultrasonic testing for susceptible materials and joint configurations

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the design of welded connections in seismic applications?

For seismic applications, the code:

  1. References AWS D1.8/D1.8M for specific seismic provisions
  2. Addresses the importance of ductility in joint design
  3. Provides guidance on material selection for seismic performance
  4. Considers the effects of cyclic loading on weld performance
  5. Addresses the need for special inspection and quality control in seismic applications

What are the considerations for designing welded connections for high-temperature service according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

For high-temperature applications, the code:

  1. Addresses the need for materials suitable for elevated temperature service
  2. Provides guidance on welding procedure qualification for high-temperature applications
  3. Considers the effects of thermal expansion and creep
  4. Addresses the potential need for post-weld heat treatment
  5. Recommends special inspection considerations for high-temperature service

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the design of connections with oversized or slotted holes?

For connections with oversized or slotted holes, the code:

  1. Specifies maximum allowable hole sizes and slot dimensions
  2. Provides guidance on the use of washers
  3. Addresses the potential reduction in joint strength
  4. Considers the effects on fatigue performance
  5. Provides specific inspection requirements for these types of connections

Specific Welding Techniques and Processes FAQ

What welding processes are covered by AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M covers several welding processes, including:

  1. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
  2. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
  3. Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
  4. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
  5. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
  6. Electroslag Welding (ESW)
  7. Electrogas Welding (EGW)
  8. Stud Welding

Each process has specific requirements and limitations outlined in the code.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of SMAW?

For Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), the code:

  1. Provides guidance on electrode selection and classification
  2. Specifies current and polarity requirements
  3. Addresses techniques for vertical and overhead welding
  4. Provides recommendations for storage and handling of electrodes
  5. Specifies qualification requirements for welders and procedures

What are the key considerations for GMAW according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

For Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), the code addresses:

  1. Shielding gas composition and flow rates
  2. Wire feed speed and electrical parameters
  3. Transfer modes (short circuit, globular, spray)
  4. Techniques for various positions and joint configurations
  5. Specific requirements for pulsed GMAW

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle FCAW requirements?

For Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), the code covers:

  1. Self-shielded (FCAW-S) and gas-shielded (FCAW-G) variations
  2. Electrode classification and selection
  3. Shielding gas requirements for FCAW-G
  4. Techniques for minimizing porosity and slag inclusions
  5. Position limitations for certain electrode types

What guidance does AWS D1.1/D1.1M provide for SAW?

For Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), the code addresses:

  1. Flux and wire combination selection
  2. Multiple wire techniques (tandem and parallel)
  3. Narrow gap SAW procedures
  4. Flux handling and recycling
  5. Limitations on welding positions (primarily flat and horizontal)

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of GTAW?

For Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), the code covers:

  1. Electrode (tungsten) type and preparation
  2. Shielding gas selection and flow rates
  3. Techniques for manual and automated GTAW
  4. Hot wire and cold wire GTAW variations
  5. Applications for root pass welding in pipe and tube

What are the specific requirements for ESW in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

For Electroslag Welding (ESW), the code addresses:

Joint design and preparation
Guide tube and consumable guide systems
Flux and wire feed requirements
Cooling shoe design and water flow rates
Specific procedure qualification requirements

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle EGW requirements?

For Electrogas Welding (EGW), the code covers:

  1. Vertical-up welding techniques
  2. Shielding gas composition and flow rates
  3. Oscillation parameters for the electrode
  4. Cooling shoe requirements
  5. Limitations on material thickness and joint design

What guidance does AWS D1.1/D1.1M provide for stud welding?

For stud welding, the code addresses:

  1. Stud material and dimensions
  2. Surface preparation requirements
  3. Welding equipment and parameter settings
  4. Inspection and testing of stud welds
  5. Qualification requirements for stud welding operators

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of preheat and interpass temperature control?

The code provides guidance on preheat and interpass temperature control, including:

  1. Minimum preheat temperatures based on material thickness and composition
  2. Methods for measuring and maintaining preheat
  3. Maximum interpass temperature requirements
  4. Specific requirements for quenched and tempered steels
  5. Considerations for hydrogen control in high-strength steels

What are the requirements for post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) in AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

For post-weld heat treatment, the code specifies:

  1. Conditions under which PWHT is required
  2. Temperature ranges and holding times for different material thicknesses
  3. Heating and cooling rate requirements
  4. Alternative stress relief methods (e.g., vibratory stress relief)
  5. Specific considerations for different steel types

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of temporary welded attachments?

For temporary welded attachments, the code:

  1. Specifies allowable locations for temporary attachments
  2. Provides guidance on removal techniques
  3. Addresses inspection requirements after removal
  4. Specifies preheat requirements for attachment and removal
  5. Considers the effects on the base material properties

What guidance does AWS D1.1/D1.1M provide for welding in adverse environmental conditions?

The code addresses welding in adverse conditions by:

  1. Specifying minimum ambient temperature for welding without special precautions
  2. Providing guidance on wind shielding requirements
  3. Addressing moisture control in high-humidity environments
  4. Specifying additional preheat requirements for low-temperature welding
  5. Providing recommendations for welding over previously deposited weld metal

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle the use of backing in welded joints?

For the use of backing, the code:

  1. Specifies materials suitable for backing (steel, copper, ceramic)
  2. Addresses the requirements for fusion to backing
  3. Provides guidance on removal of backing when required
  4. Specifies inspection requirements for welds with backing
  5. Addresses the use of consumable inserts as an alternative to backing

What are the requirements for tack welds according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

For tack welds, the code specifies:

  1. Minimum quality requirements for tack welds
  2. Preheat requirements for tack welding
  3. Cleaning and inspection requirements before final welding
  4. Conditions under which tack welds need to be removed
  5. Qualification requirements for tack welders

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of peening in welding?

For peening, the code:

  1. Specifies conditions under which peening is allowed or prohibited
  2. Provides guidance on peening techniques and tools
  3. Addresses the use of peening for distortion control
  4. Specifies limitations on peening of root and surface passes
  5. Requires procedure qualification when peening is used

What guidance does AWS D1.1/D1.1M provide for welding repairs?

For welding repairs, the code:

  1. Specifies conditions under which repairs are allowed
  2. Provides guidance on removal of defective weld metal
  3. Addresses preheat and interpass temperature requirements for repairs
  4. Specifies inspection requirements for repaired areas
  5. Addresses limitations on the number of repair attempts in a specific area

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M handle the use of arc strikes?

Regarding arc strikes, the code:

  1. Generally prohibits arc strikes outside the area of permanent welds
  2. Specifies inspection requirements for inadvertent arc strikes
  3. Provides guidance on repair procedures for arc strike damage
  4. Addresses the potential for cracking in arc strike areas
  5. Specifies acceptance criteria for arc strikes in different areas of the structure

Documentation and Record Keeping FAQ

What types of documentation are required by AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M requires several types of documentation, including:

  1. Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS)
  2. Procedure Qualification Records (PQR)
  3. Welder Performance Qualification Records (WPQR)
  4. Inspection and testing reports
  5. Nondestructive examination (NDE) reports
  6. Repair documentation
  7. Material test reports and certificates
  8. Heat treatment records
  9. Calibration records for equipment

What information must be included in a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)?

A WPS must include:

  1. Base metal specification and thickness range
  2. Filler metal specification and size
  3. Welding process and position
  4. Joint design details
  5. Electrical parameters (amperage, voltage, polarity)
  6. Shielding gas type and flow rate (if applicable)
  7. Preheat and interpass temperature requirements
  8. Post-weld heat treatment details (if required)
  9. Technique details (stringer or weave, number of passes, etc.)

What information is required in a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR)?

A PQR must document:

  1. All essential variables used during the test weld
  2. Actual parameters used (which may differ slightly from the WPS ranges)
  3. Test results, including mechanical properties and NDT results
  4. Type and results of any required supplementary tests
  5. Name of welder who performed the test weld
  6. Date of welding and testing
  7. Identification of the testing laboratory

How long must welding-related documents be retained?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M doesn't specify a retention period. However:

  1. Many companies retain records for the life of the structure
  2. Some jurisdictions may have specific retention requirements
  3. Contract documents may specify retention periods
  4. For liability reasons, many firms keep records for at least 7-10 years
  5. Electronic storage is often used for long-term record keeping

What documentation is required for welder qualification?

Welder qualification documentation includes:

  1. Welder Performance Qualification Record (WPQR)
  2. Details of the WPS used for the test
  3. Type and results of required tests (bend tests, radiography, etc.)
  4. Welder identification information
  5. Date of qualification
  6. Range of qualification (positions, processes, etc.)
  7. Continuity records showing ongoing welding activity

How should inspection and testing results be documented?

Inspection and testing documentation should include:

  1. Date and location of inspection/test
  2. Identification of the component or weld inspected
  3. Inspection/test method used
  4. Acceptance criteria applied
  5. Results of the inspection/test
  6. Any nonconformances found and their disposition
  7. Name and qualification of the inspector/tester
  8. Any specialized equipment used and its calibration status

What records are required for weld repairs?

Weld repair documentation should include:

  1. Location and extent of the defect
  2. Method of defect removal
  3. Re-inspection results after defect removal
  4. Welding procedure used for the repair
  5. Post-repair inspection results
  6. Name of welder performing the repair
  7. Date of repair
  8. Approval of the repair procedure (if required)

How should material traceability be documented?

Material traceability documentation typically includes:

  1. Material test reports or certificates
  2. Heat numbers or unique identifiers for base materials
  3. Lot numbers for filler materials
  4. Records of material distribution within the project
  5. Any required supplementary testing results
  6. Storage and handling records for sensitive materials

What documentation is required for heat treatment?

Heat treatment records should include:

  1. Identification of the component heat treated
  2. Heat treatment procedure used
  3. Actual time-temperature profile achieved
  4. Method of temperature measurement
  5. Cooling method used
  6. Any required post-heat treatment testing results
  7. Date of heat treatment
  8. Identification of heat treatment equipment and operator

How should equipment calibration be documented?

Calibration records should include:

  1. Identification of the equipment calibrated
  2. Date of calibration
  3. Calibration procedure used
  4. Results of the calibration
  5. Any adjustments made
  6. Due date for next calibration
  7. Traceability to national standards
  8. Identification of the person or agency performing the calibration

What documentation is required for nonconformances and corrective actions?

Nonconformance and corrective action records should include:

  1. Description of the nonconformance
  2. Date of discovery
  3. Affected component or weld identification
  4. Proposed disposition (use-as-is, repair, rework, reject)
  5. Engineering evaluation (if required)
  6. Corrective action taken to prevent recurrence
  7. Re-inspection results after corrective action
  8. Approval of the disposition and corrective action

How should changes or revisions to welding procedures be documented?

Documentation of procedure changes should include:

  1. Identification of the original procedure being changed
  2. Detailed description of the changes made
  3. Justification for the changes
  4. Any required requalification testing results
  5. Approval of the changes by authorized personnel
  6. Effective date of the revised procedure
  7. Distribution list for the revised procedure

What records are required for welding consumables?

Welding consumable records should include:

  1. Purchase specifications
  2. Manufacturer's certifications
  3. Lot numbers and date of manufacture
  4. Storage and handling records
  5. Any required testing results (e.g., diffusible hydrogen tests)
  6. Traceability to specific projects or welds
  7. Shelf life information and expiration dates (if applicable)

How should project-specific welding requirements be documented?

Project-specific welding requirements documentation should include:

  1. Any additional requirements beyond AWS D1.1/D1.1M
  2. Client-specified acceptance criteria
  3. Special inspection or testing requirements
  4. Unique material or consumable requirements
  5. Project-specific qualification requirements
  6. Any deviations from standard practices, with approvals
  7. Special documentation or record-keeping requirements

What documentation is required for automated or robotic welding systems?

Documentation for automated or robotic welding should include:

  1. Equipment specifications and capabilities
  2. Programming and setup parameters
  3. Calibration and maintenance records
  4. Operator qualifications
  5. Procedure qualifications specific to the automated system
  6. Production test results demonstrating system consistency
  7. Any specialized inspection or monitoring system records

Code Compliance and Enforcement FAQ

Who is responsible for ensuring compliance with AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Responsibility for compliance is typically shared among several parties:

  1. The fabricator or contractor performing the welding work
  2. The welding inspector or quality control personnel
  3. The engineer of record or design authority
  4. The owner or their designated representative
  5. Regulatory authorities having jurisdiction

Each party has specific roles in ensuring overall compliance with the code.

How is compliance with AWS D1.1/D1.1M typically verified?

Compliance is verified through several methods:

  1. Review of welding procedure specifications (WPS) and procedure qualification records (PQR)
  2. Verification of welder qualifications
  3. Visual inspection of completed welds
  4. Nondestructive testing (NDT) as specified
  5. Review of documentation and records
  6. Periodic audits of the welding process and quality control system
  7. Final inspection and acceptance testing

What are the consequences of non-compliance with AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Consequences of non-compliance can include:

  1. Rejection of welded components or structures
  2. Required rework or repairs at the fabricator's expense
  3. Delays in project completion
  4. Financial penalties as specified in contracts
  5. Loss of certifications or qualifications
  6. Legal liability in case of structural failures
  7. Damage to professional reputation

The severity of consequences often depends on the nature and extent of the non-compliance.

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address disputes over code interpretation?

The code provides guidance on handling disputes:

  1. It encourages parties to resolve disagreements through mutual agreement
  2. If agreement can't be reached, the engineer or design authority often has final say
  3. For complex issues, the AWS Structural Welding Committee can be consulted for interpretation
  4. The code emphasizes the importance of clear contract documents to minimize disputes
  5. In some cases, third-party arbitration may be necessary

What role do Certified Welding Inspectors (CWIs) play in code enforcement?

CWIs play a crucial role in code enforcement:

  1. They perform visual inspections of welds
  2. They verify compliance with welding procedures
  3. They review welder qualifications
  4. They oversee nondestructive testing
  5. They maintain inspection records
  6. They have the authority to accept or reject welds based on code criteria
  7. They can stop work if serious non-compliance is observed

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of alternative methods or materials not explicitly covered in the code?

The code provides a framework for using alternatives:

  1. The engineer or design authority must approve the alternative
  2. Equivalent performance to code requirements must be demonstrated
  3. Additional testing or qualification may be required
  4. Documentation of the approval and justification must be maintained
  5. The alternative method or material becomes part of the contract documents

What are the requirements for correcting non-compliant welds according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

The code specifies procedures for addressing non-compliant welds:

  1. Non-compliant welds must be documented
  2. A repair procedure must be developed and approved
  3. The repair must be performed by a qualified welder
  4. The repaired area must be re-inspected using the original acceptance criteria
  5. Records of the repair must be maintained
  6. For critical or repeated repairs, additional engineering review may be required

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the qualification of inspection personnel?

The code specifies requirements for inspection personnel:

  1. Visual inspectors must be qualified and experienced in welding inspection
  2. NDT personnel must be certified in accordance with their specific NDT method
  3. The code recognizes certifications such as AWS CWI and ASNT NDT Level II or III
  4. Inspectors must be familiar with the specific requirements of AWS D1.1/D1.1M
  5. The code allows for the use of inspector trainees under direct supervision of qualified inspectors

What are the requirements for maintaining welding equipment to ensure code compliance?

While not explicitly detailed in AWS D1.1/D1.1M, proper equipment maintenance is crucial:

  1. Welding machines must be capable of providing the required electrical characteristics
  2. Calibration of amperage and voltage measuring devices is necessary
  3. Wire feed systems must be maintained for consistent feed rates
  4. Gas flow meters must be accurate and properly functioning
  5. Regular maintenance schedules should be established and documented
  6. Any equipment malfunction that could affect weld quality must be addressed immediately

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of welding automation and its impact on code compliance?

The code recognizes the use of automated welding systems:

  1. Automated systems must still comply with all relevant code requirements
  2. WPSs for automated systems may require additional variables to be specified
  3. Operator qualifications for automated systems are addressed
  4. The code allows for modified inspection criteria for consistently performing automated systems
  5. Documentation requirements may be more extensive for automated processes

What are the requirements for maintaining welder continuity according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Welder continuity requirements include:

  1. Welders must use the qualified process at least once every 6 months
  2. Records of welder activity must be maintained
  3. If continuity is interrupted, requalification is required
  4. Employers are responsible for maintaining welder qualification records
  5. The code allows for alternative methods of maintaining continuity with proper documentation

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the issue of weld quality in different production environments?

The code recognizes that production environments can vary:

  1. It provides baseline quality requirements applicable to all environments
  2. It allows for additional requirements to be specified for critical applications
  3. The code emphasizes the importance of proper procedure qualification for the specific production environment
  4. It provides guidance on environmental controls (e.g., wind shields for outdoor welding)
  5. The code allows for modified inspection criteria based on demonstrated consistent quality

What are the requirements for documenting code compliance in project records?

Documentation of code compliance typically includes:

  1. Copies of all relevant WPSs and PQRs
  2. Welder qualification records
  3. Material test reports and certifications
  4. Inspection and testing reports
  5. Nonconformance reports and resolution documentation
  6. Repair records
  7. Final inspection and acceptance documentation
  8. Any approved deviations from code requirements

How does AWS D1.1/D1.1M address the use of third-party inspection services?

The code allows for the use of third-party inspection:

  1. Third-party inspectors must meet the same qualification requirements as in-house inspectors
  2. The responsibilities and authority of third-party inspectors must be clearly defined
  3. Communication protocols between the fabricator and third-party inspectors should be established
  4. The code emphasizes the importance of inspector independence
  5. Records generated by third-party inspectors must be integrated into the project documentation system

What are the requirements for addressing non-conformances discovered after project completion?

While not explicitly covered in AWS D1.1/D1.1M, industry best practices include:

  1. Prompt notification of all relevant parties
  2. Assessment of the non-conformance's impact on structural integrity
  3. Development of a remediation plan, if necessary
  4. Execution of repairs or modifications in accordance with code requirements
  5. Re-inspection and documentation of corrective actions
  6. Review of quality control processes to prevent future occurrences

Updates and Revisions FAQ

How often is AWS D1.1/D1.1M updated?

AWS D1.1/D1.1M is typically updated on a 5-year cycle. However:

  1. Minor revisions or addenda may be issued between major updates
  2. Emergency revisions can be issued if critical issues are identified
  3. The exact timing may vary based on industry needs and technological advancements
  4. Users should always verify they are using the most current version unless otherwise specified in contract documents

How can users stay informed about updates to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Users can stay informed through several channels:

  1. AWS website announcements
  2. AWS membership communications
  3. Industry publications and newsletters
  4. Professional associations and conferences
  5. AWS social media channels
  6. Subscription to AWS standards update services
  7. Regular check of the AWS webstore for new editions

What is the process for updating AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

The update process typically involves:

  1. Collection of proposed changes from industry stakeholders
  2. Review of proposals by the AWS D1 Committee
  3. Draft revisions based on accepted proposals
  4. Public review and comment period
  5. Resolution of public comments
  6. Approval by the AWS Technical Activities Committee
  7. Final editing and publication
  8. Announcement and distribution of the new edition

How are emergency revisions to AWS D1.1/D1.1M handled?

Emergency revisions follow an expedited process:

  1. Identification of a critical issue affecting safety or quality
  2. Rapid review by the AWS D1 Committee
  3. Drafting of the emergency revision
  4. Abbreviated public review period
  5. Quick approval process
  6. Immediate publication and distribution
  7. Incorporation into the next scheduled full revision

What types of changes are typically made in updates to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Updates may include:

  1. Incorporation of new welding technologies or processes
  2. Revisions to acceptance criteria based on new research
  3. Updates to referenced standards and specifications
  4. Clarifications of existing requirements
  5. Addition of new material specifications
  6. Changes to qualification requirements
  7. Updates to inspection and testing methodologies
  8. Revisions based on feedback from code users

How does AWS handle the transition period between old and new versions of D1.1/D1.1M?

The transition process typically involves:

  1. Announcement of the new edition well in advance of its effective date
  2. A defined period where both old and new versions are considered current
  3. Clear communication of any significant changes between versions
  4. Guidance on how to specify which version applies to a given project
  5. Support for users transitioning to the new version
  6. Consideration of industry feedback on implementation challenges

What happens to existing qualifications and certifications when a new version of AWS D1.1/D1.1M is released?

Generally:

  1. Existing welder qualifications remain valid unless specifically affected by new requirements
  2. WPSs may need review and possible requalification if essential variables are changed
  3. Inspector certifications typically remain valid, but update training may be recommended
  4. Fabricators may need to update their quality systems to reflect new requirements
  5. Specific guidance on the impact on existing qualifications is usually provided with major revisions

How are international standards considered in updates to AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

The update process considers international standards by:

  1. Reviewing relevant ISO and other international standards
  2. Considering harmonization where appropriate
  3. Addressing global industry trends and practices
  4. Incorporating feedback from international users of AWS D1.1/D1.1M
  5. Ensuring compatibility with international material specifications
  6. Considering the impact on international trade and fabrication

How does AWS address conflicts between updated D1.1/D1.1M requirements and other codes or standards?

AWS addresses potential conflicts by:

  1. Coordinating with other standards development organizations
  2. Providing commentary on significant changes that may affect other standards
  3. Offering guidance on how to handle conflicts in contract documents
  4. Considering compatibility during the revision process
  5. Providing interpretations when conflicts are identified by users

What role do users play in the update process for AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Users play a crucial role in the update process:

  1. They can submit proposals for changes or improvements
  2. They can participate in public review and comment periods
  3. Many serve on AWS technical committees
  4. They provide feedback on the practical implementation of code requirements
  5. They report issues or unclear requirements encountered in practice
  6. They can attend AWS conferences and workshops to discuss code developments

How are new technologies or materials incorporated into AWS D1.1/D1.1M updates?

New technologies or materials are incorporated through:

  1. Research and testing to validate performance
  2. Proposals from industry members or committees
  3. Review of relevant data and case studies
  4. Consideration of compatibility with existing code framework
  5. Development of new qualification requirements if necessary
  6. Careful drafting of new provisions to ensure clarity and enforceability
  7. Possible inclusion in annexes before full incorporation into the main code

How does AWS ensure consistency across different sections of D1.1/D1.1M during updates

Consistency is maintained through:

  1. Careful review by the entire D1 Committee
  2. Use of standardized terminology and definitions
  3. Cross-referencing between sections
  4. Editorial reviews to check for contradictions or inconsistencies
  5. Use of consistent formatting and structure
  6. Review of the entire document as a whole before publication

What resources does AWS provide to help users understand and implement updates to D1.1/D1.1M?

AWS provides several resources:

  1. Commentary documents explaining the rationale for changes
  2. Seminars and webinars on new editions
  3. Comparison documents highlighting changes from previous versions
  4. Updated study guides for certification exams
  5. Technical support for questions on new requirements
  6. Articles in AWS publications discussing significant revisions
  7. Updated visual aids and reference materials

How are errata and interpretations handled between major updates of AWS D1.1/D1.1M?

Errata and interpretations are managed as follows:

  1. Errata (corrections) are published on the AWS website
  2. Official interpretations are issued by the AWS D1 Committee
  3. Both errata and interpretations are compiled and published periodically
  4. Significant issues may be addressed in interim addenda
  5. All errata and interpretations are considered for incorporation in the next full revision
  6. Users are encouraged to check for published errata and interpretations regularly

How does AWS balance the need for updates with the industry's need for stability in code requirements?

AWS balances these needs by:

  1. Maintaining a regular update cycle to provide predictability
  2. Carefully considering the impact of changes on existing practices
  3. Providing adequate transition periods for significant changes
  4. Ensuring changes are based on solid technical justification
  5. Seeking broad industry consensus on major revisions
  6. Allowing for the use of previous versions when specified in contract documents
  7. Providing clear rationale and guidance for implemented changes